{"id":28615,"date":"2025-02-25T10:19:23","date_gmt":"2025-02-25T15:19:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/?p=28615"},"modified":"2025-02-25T10:19:23","modified_gmt":"2025-02-25T15:19:23","slug":"six-delais-de-prescription-a-connaitre-en-cas-de-differend-successoral","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/fr\/perspectives-juridiques\/litige-successoral\/six-delais-de-prescription-a-connaitre-en-cas-de-differend-successoral\/","title":{"rendered":"Six\u00a0d\u00e9lais de prescription \u00e0 conna\u00eetre en cas de diff\u00e9rend successoral"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Les d\u00e9lais de prescription<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dans le cadre de litiges les d\u00e9lais de prescription fixent une p\u00e9riode pendant laquelle un demandeur peut intenter une action en justice contre des d\u00e9fendeurs potentiels. Ces d\u00e9lais visent \u00e0 garantir une certaine s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique aux d\u00e9fendeurs, tout en incitant les demandeurs \u00e0 faire valoir leurs droits en temps utile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le d\u00e9lai de prescription de base et le d\u00e9lai de prescription ultime<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Chaque province et territoire du Canada dispose de sa propre l\u00e9gislation en mati\u00e8re de prescription. En Ontario, la Loi sur la prescription des actions<\/em><\/a> pr\u00e9voit un d\u00e9lai de prescription de base de deux ans \u00e0 compter de la date de d\u00e9couverte d\u2019une r\u00e9clamation. Autrement dit, le compte \u00e0 rebours commence le jour o\u00f9 le demandeur sait, ou aurait raisonnablement d\u00fb savoir qu\u2019il dispose d\u2019un droit d\u2019action. C\u2019est ce que l\u2019on appelle le principe de la \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9couvrabilit\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toutefois, certaines exceptions s\u2019appliquent. Par exemple, certains actes peuvent se poursuivre au-del\u00e0 de ce d\u00e9lai de deux ans. Dans d\u2019autres circonstances, il se peut que les r\u00e9clamations ne soient d\u00e9couvertes qu\u2019apr\u00e8s l\u2019expiration de ce d\u00e9lai. Pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 ces situations, la loi pr\u00e9voit \u00e9galement un d\u00e9lai de prescription ultime de 15 ans \u00e0 compter de la date de l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement en cause, quelle que soit la date de sa d\u00e9couverte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De plus, certaines r\u00e9clamations ne sont assujetties \u00e0 aucune p\u00e9riode de prescription. C\u2019est notamment le cas de certaines ordonnances alimentaires en vertu de la Loi sur le droit de la famille<\/em>, ainsi que de certains recours li\u00e9s \u00e0 des agressions sexuelles. Ces consid\u00e9rations d\u00e9passent toutefois le cadre de cet article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les d\u00e9lais de prescription en mati\u00e8re successorale<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Le droit successoral est complexe et est soumis, dans certaines circonstances, \u00e0 des d\u00e9lais de prescription particuliers. Il est donc indispensable de faire appel \u00e0 un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en la mati\u00e8re. Le tableau suivant pr\u00e9sente les d\u00e9lais applicables aux r\u00e9clamations les plus fr\u00e9quentes en droit successoral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9clamation<\/th>Description<\/th>D\u00e9lai de prescription<\/th><\/tr>
Contestation de testaments<\/td>Remise en cause de la validit\u00e9 d\u2019un ou de plusieurs documents testamentaires.<\/td>Deux ans \u00e0 compter de la date de d\u00e9c\u00e8s, selon le principe de la d\u00e9couvrabilit\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr>
Demande de soutien d\u2019une personne \u00e0 charge<\/td>R\u00e9clamation d\u2019une personne \u00e0 charge qui estime que le d\u00e9funt ne subvient pas ad\u00e9quatement \u00e0 ses besoins.<\/td>Six mois \u00e0 compter de l\u2019octroi d\u2019un certificat de nomination d\u2019un administrateur successoral (anciennement appel\u00e9 \u00ab homologation \u00bb).<\/td><\/tr>
\u00c9lection en vertu de la Loi sur le droit de la famille<\/em><\/td>Choix du conjoint survivant d\u2019accepter sa part conform\u00e9ment au testament du d\u00e9funt ou d\u2019une succession ab intestat<\/em>, ou d\u2019accepter sa part du patrimoine familial net comme en cas de s\u00e9paration ou de divorce.<\/td>Six mois \u00e0 compter de la date du d\u00e9c\u00e8s.<\/td><\/tr>
Approbation des comptes<\/td>Soumission des documents financiers d\u00e9taillant l\u2019administration d\u2019une fiducie ou d\u2019une succession pour examen et approbation.<\/td>Aucun d\u00e9lai de prescription (la Cour d\u2019appel de l\u2019Ontario maintient qu\u2019il ne s\u2019agit pas d\u2019une \u00ab r\u00e9clamation \u00bb au sens de la loi et qu\u2019elle n\u2019est donc pas soumise \u00e0 un d\u00e9lai de prescription[1]<\/a>).<\/td><\/tr>
N\u00e9gligence de l\u2019administrateur successoral<\/td>Action en dommages-int\u00e9r\u00eats contre un administrateur pour manquement \u00e0 son obligation d\u2019agir dans l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires.<\/td>Deux ans, selon le principe de la d\u00e9couvrabilit\u00e9.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>
La premi\u00e8re colonne indique le type d’action en justice li\u00e9e \u00e0 une succession. La deuxi\u00e8me colonne fournit une br\u00e8ve explication de la demande. La troisi\u00e8me colonne indique le d\u00e9lai dans lequel la demande doit \u00eatre introduite.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9clamations contre les avocats r\u00e9dacteurs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Il arrive que des b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires intentent des actions en justice contre des avocats pour n\u00e9gligence, all\u00e9guant qu\u2019un testament mal r\u00e9dig\u00e9 les a priv\u00e9s d\u2019une part plus importante de l\u2019h\u00e9ritage que ce que le testateur aurait souhait\u00e9. De telles r\u00e9clamations surviennent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dans le cadre d\u2019une contestation de testament. Dans la plupart des cas, les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires ne d\u00e9couvrent<\/em> ce pr\u00e9judice qu\u2019en prenant connaissance du testament, soit apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9c\u00e8s du testateur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une d\u00e9cision r\u00e9cente de la Cour sup\u00e9rieure de l\u2019Ontario[2]<\/a> a \u00e9tabli que le d\u00e9lai de prescription commence \u00e0 courir \u00e0 la date de l\u2019acte pr\u00e9tendument fautif \u2013 c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la r\u00e9daction du testament \u2013 et non au d\u00e9c\u00e8s du testateur. Dans l\u2019affaire en question, le testament avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9 en 1991, et le testateur est d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 27 ans plus tard, en 2018. Bien que les b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires n\u2019aient d\u00e9couvert la situation qu\u2019apr\u00e8s le d\u00e9c\u00e8s, la Cour a appliqu\u00e9 le d\u00e9lai de prescription ultime de 15 ans \u00e0 compter de la date de r\u00e9daction du testament et a ainsi conclu que la r\u00e9clamation \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l\u2019avocat r\u00e9dacteur \u00e9tait prescrite. Dans sa d\u00e9cision, la cour a mis l\u2019accent sur les principes de finalit\u00e9 et de certitude juridique, m\u00eame si le r\u00e9sultat peut sembler in\u00e9quitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faites appel \u00e0 des experts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Il est important de garder \u00e0 l\u2019esprit que, bien qu\u2019il existe des d\u00e9lais de prescription sp\u00e9cifiques au droit des successions, des exceptions peuvent \u00e9galement s\u2019appliquer. D\u2019ailleurs, un d\u00e9fendeur peut invoquer des moyens de d\u00e9fense dans certaines circonstances. Les parties concern\u00e9es ont donc tout int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e0 consulter un avocat sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 en droit des successions, qui saura leur expliquer la jurisprudence la plus r\u00e9cente et qui peut les aider \u00e0 s\u2019y retrouver dans les m\u00e9andres des litiges en mati\u00e8re de successions. Les membres du groupe Successions et fiducies<\/a> de Miller\u00a0Thomson sont \u00e0 votre disposition pour vous accompagner tout au long de ce processus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> Armitage c The Salvation Army <\/em>2016 ONCA 971<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2]<\/a> Tessaro c Gora, <\/em>2025 ONSC 198 (CanLII)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les d\u00e9lais de prescription Dans le cadre de litiges les d\u00e9lais de prescription fixent une p\u00e9riode pendant laquelle un demandeur peut intenter une action en justice contre des d\u00e9fendeurs potentiels. Ces d\u00e9lais visent \u00e0 garantir une certaine s\u00e9curit\u00e9 juridique aux d\u00e9fendeurs, tout en incitant les demandeurs \u00e0 faire valoir leurs droits en temps utile. Le d\u00e9lai […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":86,"featured_media":14354,"parent":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[583],"insight-format":[469],"class_list":["post-28615","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-litige-successoral"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSix\u00a0d\u00e9lais de prescription \u00e0 conna\u00eetre en cas de diff\u00e9rend successoral | Miller Thomson<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understanding limitation periods in estate disputes is crucial. 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