{"id":6771,"date":"2020-04-20T19:44:03","date_gmt":"2020-04-20T23:44:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/the-loss-of-perishable-products-does-this-constitute-physical-damage-sufficient-to-trigger-coverage\/"},"modified":"2024-09-17T08:16:13","modified_gmt":"2024-09-17T12:16:13","slug":"the-loss-of-perishable-products-does-this-constitute-physical-damage-sufficient-to-trigger-coverage","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/en\/insights\/uncategorized\/the-loss-of-perishable-products-does-this-constitute-physical-damage-sufficient-to-trigger-coverage\/","title":{"rendered":"The loss of perishable products: Does this constitute physical damage sufficient to trigger coverage?"},"content":{"rendered":"

One of the many issues arising from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is whether business losses resulting from mandatory and voluntary shut-downs will be covered under business interruption coverage. \u00a0Most business interruption policies require direct loss or physical damage to property in order to trigger coverage, which can be a wide-ranging inquiry.\u00a0 Interesting questions arise when considering the loss of perishable products.<\/p>\n

Take, for instance, a scenario where an insured manufactures sandwiches for distribution to various stores.\u00a0 The insured has a supply contract with those stores.\u00a0 The manufacturing and storage of the insured\u2019s sandwiches occurs on the premises of \u201cBusiness B\u201d. \u00a0As a result of the pandemic, Business B decides to forbid the insured entry to the premises. \u00a0Because the insured cannot access the sandwiches for distribution, they go bad and are no longer edible.\u00a0 The insured is in breach of its supply contract because it failed to deliver the requisite number of sandwiches by the specified delivery date.\u00a0 However, because the sandwiches were not \u201cdamaged\u201d as a direct result of the virus, does the loss of the sandwiches constitute physical loss or damage such that coverage is triggered?<\/p>\n

Other situations may arise where there is no actual physical damage to the product, but an economic loss is incurred in averting the threatened physical damage.\u00a0 This scenario is illustrated in the case of Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd. v Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd.<\/em>[1]<\/a> (which did not involve the interpretation of an insurance policy). In this case, the plaintiffs manufactured stainless\u00a0steel\u00a0alloys at a factory which was supplied with electricity by a cable from a power-station.\u00a0 Continuous power was required to maintain the temperature in the furnace in which the metal was melted. The defendant\u2019s employees, who were working on a nearby road, damaged a cable while using an excavating shovel.\u00a0 The electricity board shut off the power supply to the factory for 14\u00bd hours until the cable was repaired. \u00a0Because there was a danger that a \u201cmelt\u201d in the furnace might solidify and damage the furnace\u2019s lining, the plaintiffs poured oxygen onto the melt and removed it, thus reducing its value by \u00a3368.\u00a0 If the supply had not been cut off, they would have made a profit of \u00a3400 on that melt and \u00a31,767 on four other melts which would have been put into the furnace. \u00a0They claimed damages from the defendant in respect of all three sums. The defendants admitted that their employees had been negligent but disputed the amount of liability.\u00a0 The Court of Appeal allowed the plaintiffs to recover for foreseeable physical damage to property and for any resultant economic loss, but not for pure economic loss (i.e.<\/em> losses not tied to physical damage).<\/p>\n

The general inability for a plaintiff to recover pure economic loss is reflected in the language of insurance policies, which require physical loss or damage.\u00a0 However, the law may take a wide approach as to what constitutes \u201cproperty damage\u201d.<\/p>\n

Although involving a general liability policy, Bulldog Bag Ltd. <\/em>v. AXA Pacific Insurance Co.<\/em>[2]<\/a> illustrates the broad interpretation given to \u201cproperty damage\u201d.\u00a0 In that case, Bulldog supplied defective packaging for manure to a company called Sure-Gro Inc.\u00a0 As a result of the defective packaging, Sure-Gro incurred the expense of repackaging and lost 10% of its raw material.\u00a0 Bulldog paid Sure-Gro\u2019s claim and in turn, claimed indemnity under its general liability insurance policy.\u00a0 The insurer denied coverage on the basis that there was no physical injury, or alternatively the damage was limited to the 10% of product lost.\u00a0 The British Columbia Court of Appeal accepted that the damaged bags constituted \u201cproperty damage\u201d and awarded damages for costs directly associated with packaging different soil and manure products for sale to Sure-Gro\u2019s client, removing the raw materials from the defective packaging, disposing of the defective packaging, and the loss of about 10 percent of the raw material in the salvaging process.<\/p>\n

Questions may arise as to what constitutes \u201cdirect\u201d physical loss of or damage to property.\u00a0 In the case of 942325 Ontario Inc. <\/em>v. Commonwealth Insurance<\/em> Co.<\/em>[3]<\/a> the owner of a chain of grocery stores sustained losses of perishable food due to the lack of refrigeration resulting from a province-wide power failure.\u00a0 The store owner\u2019s all risk policy insured against \u201call risks of direct physical loss or damage to property, except as herein excluded.\u201d\u00a0 The insured brought an application for a declaration that the insurers were obliged to indemnify the insured for all its losses.\u00a0 The court held that property losses suffered by the insured were directly, proximately, caused by the blackout and were covered by the policy unless they fell within an exclusion clause in the policy. \u00a0The policy excluded loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by \u201cchanges of temperature\u201d. \u00a0A cessation of power would prevent the refrigeration units from remaining cold and thus would result in change of temperature within the refrigerators and within the perishable\u00a0 items consistent with the exclusion. \u00a0However, the exclusionary clause incorporated an exception to the exclusion for \u201closs or damage caused directly by a peril otherwise insured and not otherwise excluded under this Section\u201d. \u00a0This qualifier served to negative the exclusion, given that the loss was caused directly by an insured peril.\u00a0 Ultimately, however, the insured\u2019s claim for business interruption and loss of profits was not covered.\u00a0 The longest period that any store was closed was 37 hours.\u00a0 Coverage was stated to be \u201csubject to the provisions of any … waiting period stated in the Declarations\u201d. \u00a0The Declarations clearly stated that a two-day waiting period applied with respect to business interruption coverage.<\/p>\n

By obtaining business interruption insurance, the insured (presumably) has a reasonable expectation that where economic loss results from physical damage to perishable products, they will be indemnified for that loss.\u00a0 When presented with claims relating to perishable items, insurers must carefully consider what losses result directly from the loss of the perishable product versus other indirect economic losses, as well as consider any applicable exclusions within the policy.<\/p>\n

While coverage is dependent upon the type of insurance and specific wording of the policy under consideration, the law indicates that the sandwich example above will likely constitute \u201cphysical loss\u201d, despite a lack of direct damage from the virus. \u00a0The amount of the loss will generally be limited to the value of the damaged sandwiches only, and for that particular batch of sandwiches. \u00a0The insured\u2019s general financial loss related to the pandemic and overall interruption of business will likely not be covered since that loss is not linked to the perishable sandwiches.<\/p>\n

__________<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Spartan Steel & Alloys Ltd. <\/em>v. Martin & Co (Contractors) Ltd.<\/em>, [1973] 1 QB 26 (U.K. C.A.).<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bulldog Bag Ltd. <\/em>v. AXA Pacific Insurance Co., <\/em>2011 BCCA 178.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2005 CanLII22135 (ON SC).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Miller Thomson is closely monitoring the COVID-19 situation to ensure that we provide our clients with appropriate support in this rapidly changing environment. For articles, information updates and firm developments, please visit our COVID-19 Resources<\/a> page.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One of the many issues arising from the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is whether business losses resulting from mandatory and voluntary shut-downs will be covered under business interruption coverage. \u00a0Most business interruption policies require direct loss or physical damage to property in order to trigger coverage, which can be a wide-ranging inquiry.\u00a0 Interesting questions arise when […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[632,1],"insight-format":[415],"class_list":["post-6771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publications","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe loss of perishable products: Does this constitute physical damage sufficient to trigger coverage? | Miller Thomson<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/en\/insights\/uncategorized\/the-loss-of-perishable-products-does-this-constitute-physical-damage-sufficient-to-trigger-coverage\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The loss of perishable products: Does this constitute physical damage sufficient to trigger coverage? 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