{"id":5940,"date":"2021-07-06T09:45:09","date_gmt":"2023-08-12T08:04:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/the-uk-slams-the-door-on-recklessness-for-deliberate-exclusions\/"},"modified":"2026-03-18T12:50:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T16:50:40","slug":"the-uk-slams-the-door-on-recklessness-for-deliberate-exclusions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/en\/insights\/lloyds-brief\/the-uk-slams-the-door-on-recklessness-for-deliberate-exclusions\/","title":{"rendered":"The UK slams the door on recklessness for deliberate exclusions"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The UK Supreme Court in <em>Grant v International Insurance Company of Hanover Limited<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> considered an insurance policy that included an exclusion for \u201cliability arising out of deliberate acts,<strong><em>&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong>wilful default or neglect\u201d of an employee. This case is significant as the Supreme Court clarifies the meaning of the term \u201cdeliberate\u201d and demonstrates the distinction between conduct that is deliberate and that which is reckless.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The facts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Grant died on August 9, 2013, following an assault by a door steward at a bar in Aberdeen.&nbsp; Grant had been forcibly removed from the bar, following which the door steward, who was employed by Prospect Security Limited (the policyholder) applied a neck hold to him. Mr. Grant was pronounced dead at the scene, with the cause of death declared as medical asphyxiation caused by the neck hold. The door steward stood trial for murder at the high court in Aberdeen, but was convicted only of assault. At sentencing, the judge stated that the door steward\u2019s actions were \u201cbadly executed, not badly motivated\u201d and imposed a non-custodial sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The action was brought by Grant\u2019s widow. The insurers argued that their liability is excluded under the terms of the policy, which excludes liability for \u201cdeliberate acts, wilful neglect or default.\u201d The insurers argued that the term \u201cdeliberate acts\u201d should include (1) acts which were intended to cause injury, and (2) those which were carried out recklessly as to whether they would cause injury. Ms. Grant, on the other hand, argued that the term \u201cdeliberate\u201d included only acts that were intended to cause the outcome that in fact resulted, and did not include reckless acts. Ms. Grant argued that to include reckless acts under the exclusion would strip the policy of any meaningful and effective content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Supreme Court began its analysis by providing a definition of the term \u201cdeliberate,\u201d which it held as \u201cinvolving a different state of mind to recklessness.\u201d The Court further held that \u201cthe relevant act in this case is that of causing injury, so its natural meaning in the present context is carrying out an act intending to cause injury.\u201d In its analysis, the Court noted that to accept the insurers\u2019 position would reduce the meaningful and effective content of the policy, given the commercial context of the policy in question as having \u201c<em>clear risk that door stewards will use a degree of force in carrying out their duties and that vicarious liability for their tortious acts may result<\/em><em>.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comparison with Canadian law<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Canadian authority on this issue is <em>Sirois v. Saindon.<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> In <em>Saindon<\/em>, the insured lifted a lawnmower over his shoulders and directed it towards his neighbour in order to threaten but not physically harm him. The neighbour raised his hands in defence, and the fingers on one of his hands were severed. The insurance policy in question contained an exclusion for damage caused \u201cintentionally by or at the direction of the insured.\u201d The Supreme Court of Canada found that the (intentional) act of thrusting the lawnmower was the \u201cproximate cause\u201d of the injury, and that the exclusion therefore applied. <i>This ruling appears to leave open the possibility of using reckless acts to prove intentional act exclusions<\/i>. The ruling of <em>Saindon <\/em>was clarified by the same court in <em>Sansalone v Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Co<\/em>.<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> In<em> Sansalone<\/em>, the Court clarified the <em>Saindon<\/em> ratio as being \u201cwhen the risk of injury is inherent in the insured&#8217;s deliberate act so that the injury is the natural and probable consequence of the act, the intention to commit the act is the intention to cause the injury.\u201d In following this principle, the Court demonstrates that an insurer relying on a similar exclusionary clause must demonstrate that the insured intentionally committed the act causing the injury, and that they intentionally caused the resulting injury, unless the injury is \u201cthe \u201cnatural and probable\u201d consequence of the act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Grant<\/em> rejects the notion that a reckless act could be excluded under a \u201cdeliberate act\u201d insurance policy exclusionary clause. The Court also considered the public policy interest of preserving the content of insurance policies, particularly in a commercial context involving a certain degree of risk. This holding goes further than the Canadian authorities by slamming the door on recklessness as a ground for deliberate exclusion. In Canada, the door steward\u2019s door is still open. Underwriters must insist that training is undertaken by insureds\u2019 door stewards with regard to the acceptable force to use in the removal or containing of patrons, in order to mitigate potential findings of liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> <em>Grant v. International Insurance Company of Hanover Limited, <\/em>[2021] U.K.S.C. 12 [<em>Grant<\/em>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Sirois v. Saindon, <\/em>[1976] 1 S.C.R. 735 [<em>Saindon<\/em>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> <em>Sansalone v. Wawanesa Mutual Insurance Co, <\/em>2000 S.C.C. 25 [<em>Sansalone<\/em>].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The UK Supreme Court in Grant v International Insurance Company of Hanover Limited[1] considered an insurance policy that included an exclusion for \u201cliability arising out of deliberate acts,&nbsp;wilful default or neglect\u201d of an employee. This case is significant as the Supreme Court clarifies the meaning of the term \u201cdeliberate\u201d and demonstrates the distinction between conduct [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":100,"featured_media":14371,"parent":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[536],"insight-format":[416],"class_list":["post-5940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lloyds-brief"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The UK slams the door on recklessness for deliberate exclusions | Miller Thomson<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.millerthomson.com\/en\/insights\/lloyds-brief\/the-uk-slams-the-door-on-recklessness-for-deliberate-exclusions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The UK slams the door on recklessness for deliberate exclusions | Miller Thomson\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The UK Supreme Court in Grant v International Insurance Company of Hanover Limited[1] considered an insurance policy that included an exclusion for \u201cliability arising out of deliberate acts,&nbsp;wilful default or neglect\u201d of an employee. 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